神經遞質實時檢測系統應用快速掃描循環伏安法（FSCV）技術，快速實時監測動物體內的兒茶酚胺類神經化學物質的含量（如多巴胺，，血清素等）。系統使用了碳纖維生物傳感器，可在大小鼠身體上實現短期的快速測量。

系統有兩種款式：一種為用于大鼠的無線遙測系統，一種為應用到小鼠的有線遙測系統。

技術優勢:
√ 良好的空間分辨率-直徑34um 碳纖維
√ 良好的時間分辨率- 5-10 sweeps/s
√ 準確度-使用現有的可定義的明確兒茶酚胺類標記物，排除了其他種類物質的干擾。
√ 采樣速率: 5k/s (大鼠系統)，或者10K/s（小鼠系統）

工作原理：
生物胺類物質的含量通過快速循環性的施加電壓到一根植入式碳纖維傳感器，然后檢測相應的產生的電流變化進行測定。系統使得在進行詳細的行為學研究的同時，可以測量自發產生的亞秒級的神經遞質釋放事件。無論是有線還是無線系統，都可以在可選的量程(-0.6-+1.5V)范圍內，進行250-400V/s的掃描檢測。所有系統同時還內置支持外部刺激的控制。


軟件:

系統配套軟件不僅支持傳統的短期測量模式（記錄2分鐘以內的數據），同時還支持擴展的連續長期記錄模式。除此之外，本軟件的特點還包括背景噪音消除，熱點圖，3D可視化視圖，可選的濾波以及動態的伏案圖。數據可以導出為通用的EXCEL格式文件。另外，軟件還支持整合同步視頻捕捉，以便適合于動物行為與生物物質釋放關系的同步研究。

FAST SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY SYSTEM

Pinnacle’s FAST SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (FSCV) SYSTEM is specifically designed to simplify the measurement of catecholamines (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Pinnacle offers turn-key systems for both mice and rats. Both the wireless rat system ａnd the tethered mouse system use carbon fiber sensors to enable short-term measurement in the brains of freely moving animals.

HOW IT WORKS

Biogenic amine levels are detected by rapidly cycling a voltage across an implanted carbon fiber sensor and measuring the resultant current. Our systems can measure spontaneous sub-second neurotransmitter release events while conducting detailed behavioral studies. Both the wireless and tethered systems sweep from 250 to 400 V/s in a user-selectable range spanning -1.1 to +1.3 V. All systems have built-in support for controlling an external stimulus.

l  Voltage Span: -1.1 V to +1.3 V

l  Range: 250 – 400 V/s 

l Sweeps/second: 5 - 10 

l Points/sweep: 1000 

Analysis

Dopamine (blue), serotonin (green), and norepinephrine (pink) have specific voltammogram profiles when detected by FSCV.

The TETHERED FAST SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (FSCV) SYSTEM allows researchers to harness the powerful genetics of the mouse model to address underlying mechanisms of biogenic neurotransmitter release and function. A headmounted FSCV board sends signals through a low-torque commutator to an interface box that streams data to the host PC. The system comes with Pinnacle’s FREE 8500 software.

1. The FSCV interface box provides access to stimulus lines and transmits data to PAL-8500 software.

2. A low-torque commutator, which is mounted above the cage, allows for unencumbered freedom of movement.

3. Signals are amplified and filtered at the head of the animal using our headstage, which ensures the delivery of clean, artifact-free data.

4. Stereotaxically placed guide cannulas allow easy insertion of carbon fiber sensors. Headmounts are affixed to the skull with dental acrylic and act as a connection port for the headstage.

 

CARBON FIBER

Pinnacle’s FSCV system uses CARBON FIBER SENSORS (CFSs) to measure the presence of dopamine and other catecholamines in the brains of freely moving animals. Our sensor is a 34 µm diameter carbon fiber housed in a silica sheath that extends 0.5 mm beyond the end of the silica. All Pinnacle CFSs require an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.

Our sensor is a 34 um diameter carbon fiber housed in a silica sheath that extends 0.5 mm beyond the end of the silica.

 

CARBON FIBER SENSORS

Carbon fiber sensors are ordered by cannula type and whether the researcher needs to remove them from the cannula for post-calibration. CFS-F sensors are fixed in the cannula and cannot be removed for post-calibration。

FSCV PAL-8500 SOFTWARE PACKAGE

The FSCV system includes Pinnacle’s FREE PAL-8500 software, which supports traditional, short recording paradigms (recordings of two minutes or less) as well as longer-term recordings that use an extended continuous mode. Furthermore, the suite supports integrated, synchronized video recording, which allows monitoring of animal behavior simultaneously with biogenic amine release.

 

Additional features of this software include:
? Background Subtraction
? 3D Visualization 
? User-Selectable Filters 
? Heat Maps 
? Animated Voltammograms
? Export to Third-Party Packages 

參考文獻：

1. Harris, J.J., Kollo, M., Erskine, A., Schaefer, A., Burdakov, D. (2022). Natural VTA activity during NREM sleep influences future exploratory behavior. iScience. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104396
2. Pavlov, A.N., Dubrowskii, A.I., Pavlova, O.N, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, O.V. (2021) Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Brain Electrical Activity in Mice. Applied Sciences, 11, 1182. doi: 10.3390/app11031182
3. Erickson, E.T.M., Ferrari, L.L., Gompf, H.S., Anaclet, C. (2019). Differential Role of Pontomedullary Glutamatergic Neuronal Populations in Sleep-Wake Control. Front. Neurosci., 30 July. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00755
4. Pavlov, A.N., Pavlova, O.N., Semychkina-Glushkovskaya, O.V., Kurths, J. (2021). Enhanced multiresolution wavelet analysis of complex dynamics in nonlinear systems. Chaos 31, 043110 (2021). doi: 10.1063/5.0045859
5. Frolinger T., Sims S., Smith C., Wang J., Cheng H., Faith J., Ho L., Hao K., Pasinetti G.M., (2019) The gut microbiota composition affects dietary polyphenols-mediated cognitive resilience in mice by modulating the bioavailability of phenolic acids. Scientific Reports, 9(3546). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39994-6
6. Gr?nli, J., Schmidt, M.A., & Wisor, J.P. (2018). State-dependent modulation of visual evoked potentials in a rodent genetic model of electroencephalographic instability. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00036
7. Benbow, T., Cairns, B.E. (2021). Dysregulation of the peripheralglutamatergic system: A key player inmigraine pathogenesis?. Cephalalgia. June 2021. doi:10.1177/03331024211017882
8. Thomas, S.A., Perekopskiy, D., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2020). Cocaine added to fails to affect -induced brain hypoxia. Brain Research, Volume 1746, November. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147008
9. Thomas, S.A., Perekopskiy, D., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2020). Cocaine added to fails to affect -induced brain hypoxia. Brain Research, Volume 1746, November. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147008
10. Sweeney, P., Qi, Y., Xu, Z., & Yang, Y. (2016). Activation of hypothalamic astrocytes suppresses feeding without altering emotional states. Glia, 64(12), 2263-2273. doi: 10.1002/glia.23073
11. Fisher, D.W., Luu, P., Agarwal, N., Kurz, J.E., & Chetkovich, D.M. (2018). Loss of HCN2 leads to delayed gastrointestinal motility and reduced energy intake in mice. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0193012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193012
12. Wang, X., Zang, D., & Lu, X-Y. (2014). Dentate gyrus-CA3 glutamate release/NMDA transmission mediates behavioral despair and antidepressant-like responses to leptin. Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 509-519. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.75
13. Dong, P., Zhang, Y., Hunanyan, A.S., Yang, H. (2022) Neuronal mechanism of a BK channelopathy in absence epilepsy and dyskinesia. PNAS, 119 (12) e2200140119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2200140119
14. Fisher, D.W., Luu, P., Agarwal, N., Kurz, J.E., & Chetkovich, D.M. (2018). Loss of HCN2 leads to delayed gastrointestinal motility and reduced energy intake in mice. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0193012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193012
15. Wallace, N.K., Pollard, F., Savenkova, M., Karatsoreos, I.N. (2019). Daily rhythms in lactate metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex of mouse: Effects of light and aging. bioRxiv 632521. doi.org/10.1101/632521

    

    

    ：，

         

    ：

    yuyanbio

    ：yuyanbio